Summer is here and the weeds and wildflowers are blooming all around us. With the burst of summer color, come the many bees, flies, beetles, moths, and butterflies that serve to pollinate these plants. Pollinators are vitally important to the health of our natural areas and local economies. Invasive weeds can play an important role […]
Garlic mustard, Jack-by-the-hedge
Alliaria petiolata (syns. Alliaria alliaria)
Garlic mustard is a biennial plant in the Brassicacaea (Mustard) family. Garlic mustard is an aggressive woodland invader throughout much of the continental United States. It affects both disturbed and pristine woodlands and has become one of the worst invaders of forests in the American Northeast and Midwest regions. The plant can form dense stands up to 4 ft in height and can aggressively out-compete other native plants. The most identifying set of factors for this plant are its white, cross-shaped (cruciform) flowers and presence of a garlic odor on crushed leaves.
The leaves of this plant are stalked with kidney-shaped to triangular leaves and a coarsely-toothed margin. The leaves vary in length from less than 1 inch to more than 6 inches. The basal rosette features primarily kidney-shaped leaves while the mature flowering stalks have triangular leaves. When crushed, the leaves typically have a pungent garlic-like odor.
Garlic mustard flowers have four small, white petals that grow in the shape of a cross. The flowers emerge on mature plants from May to June in our region. The flowers have 4 sepals that are generally half as long as the petals.
Garlic mustard produces elongated seed pods that are slender, slightly curving, and up to 3 inches long. Adult plants can produce up to 8000 seeds which can remain viable in the soil for more than 10 years. The seeds are brown to black, grooved, and oblong when mature.
This plant has roots that typically feature an s-shaped hook or bend just below the soil line on its single tap root.
This species reproduces exclusively by seed. Seeds most often fall near the parent plant, but, importantly, are also transported by moving water, wildlife, and contaminated equipment such as hiking boots, mowers, and vehicles. Stands of garlic mustard can produce more than 62,000 seeds per square meter. The seeds germinate in the late winter and spring at typically very high densities and form rosettes in their first year of growth. The rosettes overwinter and begin to bolt and flower the following spring and summer. The seeds can survive in the soil for up to 10 years and still germinate.
Garlic mustard grows best in filtered to partial light. However, in our region garlic mustard can grow in an exceptionally wide variety of habitats including both open and shaded ones as well as upland and stream-side locations. It grows on sand, loam, and clay soils. Where this plant is most abundant in Clackamas County, it is predominantly found near rivers, roadsides, and on non-turf portions of parks and residential properties.
Garlic mustard is native to Europe, North Africa, and parts of Asia. It was originally introduced to North America as a garden and medicinal herb. The first documentation of garlic mustard growing in North America is from 1868 on Long Island, NY. In Oregon, the earliest herbarium record is from 1959 on the Reed College campus. While it has been around for numerous decades, it has only been in the last two decades that the plant has begun to rapidly expand its geographic range in our area. This lag period is a common phenomena that many invasive plants exhibit when introduced to a new region. Significant efforts throughout the Portland region are underway to contain, suppress, and, in many areas, attempt to eradicate garlic mustard populations.
Clackamas County:
This plant can be found in several communities and river systems in Clackamas County, but it is not widespread. This species is actively surveyed for, but the mapped distributions do not represent the full extent of the population in Clackamas County. Please report any sightings of this weed, even if nearby populations have already been mapped.
The management of invasive weeds is best served through a process know as Integrated Pest Management (IPM). IPM is a weed management methodology that utilizes:
An IPM based strategy ensures the maximum effectiveness of treatment measures. IPM strategies typically use more than one management method to target one or more susceptible life stages. It is adaptive to site conditions in the field and to the response of a plant to management. The utilization of multiple management tools also inherently reduces the use of herbicides in a management plan. The IPM process ultimately provides a framework for the establishment of Best Management Practices (BMP) which outlines the best approach for controlling a weed particular infestation.
Garlic mustard can be effectively controlled through hand pulling. Care must be taken to remove the taproot completely. Root fragments left in the ground can resprout. The highest priority for all methods of control is to target the second-year plants to prevent seed production. Hand pulling is often, however, not practical on well-established, extensive populations or in areas with compacted soils. Removed plant material should be bagged and placed in the trash.
Generally, mowing is not recommended. However, when done properly frequent mowing can reduce or eliminate seed production. Plants should be cut as low as practical and should be cut repeatedly throughout the spring and early summer. Be sure to monitor your work to ensure that you are effectively suppressing flowering and seed production. Be sure to prevent the spread of seeds by cleaning equipment well and managing any adjacent, unmowed affected areas.
Garlic mustard is not toxic and is edible. Grazing animals tend to avoid garlic mustard due to its pungent garlic-like odor but will graze it when more desirable vegetation is depleted. Garlic mustard is best grazed before flowering to reduce seed production, but grazing alone will not eliminate garlic mustard. For dairy producers, grazing is not recommended as garlic mustard is known to impart an unpleasant odor to the taste of milk.
Product Names: Accord, Aquamaster, Rodeo, Roundup, and various others
Rate:
Broadcast: 2 – 4 pt product per acre (1.1 to 2.25 lb ae/acre)
Spot treat: use 1% to 3% v/v solution
Time: Postemergence to rosettes in late Fall or early Spring when plants are in the rosette stage.
Comments: Re-treatment may be required to achieve effective control. Glyphosate is not selective and will harm grasses. Use care when working around desirable plants to avoid damage. Mature plants can be controlled with glyphosate with some caveats. Mature plants often die very slowly when applied with Glyphosate and may not halt seed production.
Product Names: Garlon 4 (triclopyr ester), Garlon 3A, Element 3A (triclopyr amine)
Rate:
Broadcast: Triclopyr ester- 8 oz. product per acre
Spot treat: Triclopyr ester use 1.25% to 2.5% v/v solution, Triclopyr amine use 2% v/v solution
Time: Triclopyr provides good control when applied to rosettes through until the mature, flowering stage.
Comments: Triclopyr is selective and will harm desirable broadleaf plants, trees, and shrubs. Use care when working around desirable plants to avoid damage. Leaves should be sprayed until wet but not dripping to achieve good control. Triclopyr ester formulations may volatilize under warm temperatures.
Product Names: various
Rate:
Broadcast: 1 pint product per acre
Spot treat: 1% v/v solution
Time: 2,4-D provides some control when applied to rapidly growing plants before flowering stage.
Comments: 2,4-D can be applied alone or mixed with dicamba. Some reports have shown limited success when treating with 2,4-D.
Product Names: Plateau
Rate: 4 to 6 oz of product per acre
Time: Apply post emergence in fall or early spring.
Comments: Use with a methylated seed oil to improve uptake
Product Names: Escort
Rate: 0.5 to 1 oz of product per acre
Time: Apply post emergence in fall or early spring.
Comments: Use a non-ionic surfactant to improve uptake
Product Names: Oust
Rate: 0.5 oz of product per acre
Time: Apply post emergence in fall or early spring.
Comments: Use a non-ionic surfactant to improve uptake
Product Names: Outrider
Rate: 2 oz of product per acre
Time: Apply post emergence in fall or early spring.
Comments: Use a non-ionic surfactant to improve uptake
There are no approved biological control agents ready for release in the United States. Currently four weevils under consideration as potential biological control agents. These include two stem mining insects (Ceutorhynchus alliariae & Ceutorhynchus robertii), one root feeder (Ceutorhynchus scrobicollis), and one weevil (Ceutorhynchus constrictus) that develops in the garlic mustard seeds.
Please dispose of mature seeding producing garlic mustard plants as trash. Plants still in the rosette state can be disposed as yard waste for commercial composting. It is generally not recommended that garlic mustard be composted on site even for immature plants. Soil residues from pulled plants are commonly contaminted by garlic mustard seed, and home compost systems inconsistently reach temperatures sufficient to destroy seeds.
Any control plan for garlic mustard will typically require at least five years of control and/or monitoring. Well-established populations will often not show significant reductions in population size until several years of treatments have been performed. Monitor presumed eradicated patches for at least a few years to ensure that no additional seedlings emerge.
Blessed milkthistle, Milk thistle, Marian thistle, Mary thistle, Saint Mary’s thistle, Mediterranean milk thistle, Variegated thistle
Silybum marianum. (Syn. Cardus marianus)
Blessed milkthistle is a sparsely branched thistle growing up to 6 feet tall and forming dense stands. It’s a tap-rooted biennial or annual that forms large rosettes followed by 2 inch purple blooms borne singly on unbranched, grooved and somewhat cottony stems.
Leaves are oblong to lanceolate, hairless, shiny dark green with distinctive white patterns running along the veins, reaching up to 20 inches long and 10 inches wide. The white mottling gives the plant the appearance of having been drenched in milk, thus the common name. Leaf margins are tipped with spines up to 1/2 inch in length. Large rosettes can reach 3 feet in diameter.
Solitary composite red-purple flowers reach 2 inches in diameter and are surrounded by leathery, spiny, hairless bracts. The all-disk flowers are similar to other thistles, with large spines extending out in layers from under the pincushion-flower head. Plants flower from April to October.
Dark brown, relatively heavy hairless achenes, about 1/2 by 1/4 inch, form in autumn.
Plants grow from long white taproots.
Reproduction is from seeds. Plants are typically biennial in our area, so they die after going to seed. Seeds are relatively heavy and dispersal is usually by animals, equipment, vehicles or contaminated hay. Plants can produce more than 6,000 seeds per year which can remain viable in the soil for at least 9 years, where disturbance will cause them to germinate. Seeds often germinate following the first rains of the season, but may continue to germinate through the winter.
Blessed milkthistle can be found in full sun or part shade. They typically grow in heavily grazed pastures and on roadsides where nitrogen is high and disturbance regimes are frequent. This plant is also traded horticulturally and found in ornamental and medicinal gardens.
Native to southern Europe, blessed milkthistle was probably introduced to the US as a medicinal plant by early colonists. It has become common in Canada and throughout the southern United States.
Blessed milkthistle is relatively rare in Clackamas County, with populations associated with disturbed and unmanaged sites. Milkthistle is occasionally cultivated as an herbal supplement.
The management of invasive weeds is best served through a process know as Integrated Pest Management (IPM). IPM is a weed management methodology that utilizes:
An IPM based strategy ensures the maximum effectiveness of treatment measures. IPM strategies typically use more than one management method to target one or more susceptible life stages. It is adaptive to site conditions in the field and to the response of a plant to management. The utilization of multiple management tools also inherently reduces the use of herbicides in a management plan. The IPM process ultimately provides a framework for the establishment of Best Management Practices (BMP’s), which outlines the best approach for controlling a weed particular infestation.
Blessed milkthistle responds well to manual control for small outbreaks. Dig plants whenever you find them, prior to flowering. Once they are flowering, be sure to carefully bag and dispose of plants to prevent seed set. Viable seeds will continue to form after plants are dug up and it can be difficult to contain mature seed heads without spreading seeds. In this case, carefully remove and bag all flower and seed heads before digging plants. Where mature plants are removed search carefully for small rosettes or germinating seeds. Return to the same location in spring and fall, and continue to monitor for several years. For best control, sow native plant seeds on disturbed soils to suppress milkthistle germination.
Cultivation and tillage can be effective control options for seedlings, but soil disturbance will increase germination in the soil seed bank. Mowing will not eradicate milkthistle. Plants are able to re-sprout and flower in the same season after being mowed. Plants can persist as perennials in a regular mowing cycle, and may flower below the level of the mower, spreading seeds to new areas. Mowing may also increase the amount of toxic material ingested by grazing animals, as milk thistle becomes more palatable as it wilts. If you do mow near a milkthistle infestation, be sure to clean your mower to prevent spreading seeds to new locations.
Good grazing practices and management for grasses and forage species will reduce the disturbance regime and decrease opportunity for milk thistle to become established. Minimize soil disturbance and re-vegetate to prevent infestations. Burning is not an effective control and can encourage seed germination and establishment.
Herbicides should only be used at the rates and site conditions specified on their label.
For control of large milk thistle infestations, apply a selective broadleaf herbicide and surfactant in the spring and again in the fall. Infested areas should not be mowed until the herbicide has had a chance to work. Continue to monitor areas in spring and autumn for several years following treatment.
Before you Start:
The mention of any brand name product is not, and should not be construed as an endorsement for that product. They are included here only for educational purposes. Suggested rates are generalized by active ingredient. Specific rates will vary between products. Be sure to review the label before application and use the recommended label rate at all times.
Product Names: Many products
Rate: 3-4 pt product/acre (1.43 to 1.9 lb a.e./acre)
Time: Apply post emergence in spring or fall to young, growing plants.
Comments: 2,4-D is a broadleaf-selective herbicide without residual soil activity. Treat rosettes in the fall. Use spring treatments prior to flower stalk elongation. Treat annually for several years to control seedlings.
Product Names: Milestone
Rate: 3-5 oz product/acre (0.75 to 1.25 oz a.e./acre)
Time: Apply post emergence in spring or to early summer to rosettes and bolting plants. Apply in fall to seedlings and rosettes.
Comments: Aminopyralid is a broadleaf-selective herbicide with moderate soil residual activity. A non-ionic surfactant can enhance control under adverse environmental conditions.
Product Names: Transline
Rate: 0.25-1 pt product/acre. (1.5-6 oz a.e/acre) Spot treatment: 1-2% v/v solution
Time: Apply post emergence from the seedling to bud stage, when plants are rapidly growing
Comments:Generally safe for grass but will harm members of Asteraceae and Fabaceae
Product Names: Curtail
Rate: 1-5 qt product/acre.
Time: Apply post emergence to basal rosettes from spring until bud stage.
Comments:This is a non-selective product and neither compound has soil activity. Replant sprayed area to prevent re-establishment of milk thistle.
Product Names: Banvel, Clarity
Rate: 1-2 pt product/acre (0.5-1 lb a.e./acre).
Time: Apply post emergence to basal rosettes from spring until bud stage.
Comments:This is a non-selective product and neither compound has soil activity. Replant sprayed area to prevent re-establishment of milk thistle.
Product Names: Campaign
Rate: Broadcast foliar treatment: 1-2 pt product/acre. Spot treatment: 1-2% v/v solution
Time: Apply post emergence in spring to rosettes, or in fall before freeze.
Comments:This is a non-selective product and neither compound has soil activity. Replant sprayed area to prevent re-establishment of milk thistle.
Product Names: Telar
Rate:1 oz product/acre (0.75 oz ai/acre)
Time: Apply post emergence, to rapidly growing plants
Comments: Chlorsulfuron is primarily active against broad-leaf plants and generally will not harm grasses. It has logn soil activity. Do not apply to dry, powdery, or sandy soils unless rain is expected.
Product Names: Escort
Rate:1 oz product/acre (0.6 oz ai/acre)
Time: Apply post emergence, to rapidly growing plants
Comments: Metsulfuron is primarily active against broadleaf plants and generally will not harm grasses. It has some soil activity. Use a non-ionic or silicone-based surfactant to increase effectiveness.
Blessed milkthistle is impacted by Rhinocyllus conicus, a seed head weevil first released in 1979. Rhinocyllus conicus is widespread in Oregon, and feed heavily on blessed milkthistle. The presence of Rhinocyllus conicus offered excellent control of blessed milkthistle but is not recommended. Rhinocyllus conicus targets many native thistles species, and its redistribution is discouraged. Interstate distribution of this biological control is prohibited.
Bag all flowers and seed heads and dispose of in garbage. Seeds will continue to mature after plant is pulled. Do not compost seeds or flower heads.
Sites should be monitored for several years after removal of mature plants. Viable seeds can last at least 9 years in the soil.
Tansy Ragwort, Stinking willie, Staggerwort, Tansy butterweed
Senecio jacobaea (syn. Jacobaea vulgaris)
Tansy ragwort is a tall biennial plant in the sunflower family. It can grow up to 6 feet in height at maturity. The rigid stems of Tansy ragwort are green with an occasional reddish tinge. Plants typically arise from a single stem that becomes branched at the top of the plant, forming flat clusters of bright yellow flowers. The yellow daisy-like flowers have dark yellow to orange centers. Leaves are dark green and ruffled in appearance. Tansy ragwort grows as a rosette in its first year before transitioning into the mature flowering form in its second year of growth. Tansy ragwort can form dense patches, particularly on disturbed sites. This noxious weed is dangerous to humans and livestock due to a poisonous alkaloid (hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine) in its tissue which causes liver damage when ingested.
Tansy ragwort leaves are evenly spaced and alternate along the stem. Leaves decrease in size toward the top of the plant. Leaves can be smooth, or lightly hairy on their underside of lower leaves. Leaves are dark green and generally lighter on the underside. The leaves of Tansy ragwort are pinnate and appear to be ruffled in appearance.
Tansy ragwort has bright yellow, showy flowers forming a flat topped cluster at the end of the stem. There can be anywhere from 20-60 flowers in a cluster. The daisy-like flowers have numerous disc flowers surrounded by 10-15 (13) evenly spaced ray flowers. Peak flowering occurs from July to September.
Tansy ragwort produce very small, cylindrical seed like fruits called achenes. The achenes from the ray flowers are smooth while the achenes from the disc flowers are hairy. The achenes have a dandelion-like set of bristly hairs called a pappus which aids in dispersal of the seed by wind. Adult plants can produce up to 200,000 seeds. Seeds can remain viable in the soil for more than 10 years.
The root system of tansy ragwort consists of a distinct tap root or crown with lateral and secondary roots spreading away from the plant. Roots can reach 1 foot deep into the soil. New root shoots are easily formed if a plant is mowed, cut, or injured.
Tansy ragwort reproduces both vegetatively and by seed. Vegetative reproduction occurs when roots or crown is injured and new shoots develop. The fragments from the injured roots can also generate shoots. Seeds are dispersed by wind or by wildlife. Seeds can also be transported by machinery, contaminated soil and hay, and boots and clothing.
Tansy ragwort is opportunistic plant often found in disturbed areas. Tansy likes a cool and wet climate, well drained soils and full to partial sun. Patches are found in pastures, fields, grasslands, vacant land, waste places, horse trails, roadsides, rangeland, riparian areas, forested areas, and clear cuts. Areas of greatest concern are improperly managed pastures and disturbed areas.
Native to Eurasia, Native was first reported in the United States in California in 1912. In Oregon, Tansy ragwort was believed to have been introduced through contaminated ballast in the early 1900s (Christy et al., 2009). The first documented herbaria record for Tansy is from Multnomah county 1922. Since becoming established it has spread across western Oregon.
Tansy ragwort can be found throughout Clackamas County. It is very widespread and directly impacts properties throughout the county. As an ubiquitous weed this is not a species that is actively surveyed and the mapped distributions do not represent the full extent of the tansy ragwort population in Clackamas County.
The management of invasive weeds is best served through a process know as Integrated Pest Management (IPM). IPM is a weed management methodology that utilizes:
An IPM based strategy ensures the maximum effectiveness of treatment measures. IPM strategies typically use more than one management method to target one or more susceptible life stages. It is adaptive to site conditions in the field and to the response of a plant to management. The utilization of multiple management tools also inherently reduces the use of herbicides in a management plan. The IPM process ultimately provides a framework for the establishment of Best Management Practices (BMP) which outlines the best approach for controlling a weed particular infestation.
Tansy ragwort can be effectively controlled by biological, chemical and manual methods. It is an important plant to control, especially in hay and pasture lands, where it can harm grazing animals. As with any control method it is important to avoid disturbing the soil as much as possible. Soil disturbance can bring buried seeds to the surface, and lead to increased soil erosion. Due to the toxicity of Tansy ragwort, be sure to wear gloves and protective clothing when removing tansy.
Tansy ragwort can be controlled by digging or pulling. Plants should be pulled between May and June, after they bolt and before they flower. Pulling and digging are easier when soil is moist. Rosettes should be dug up, removing as much as the root as possible. Grubbing tools, hoes, and shovels can be used.
Mowing is not a suggested means of control for tansy ragwort. While mowing may prevent the plant from immediately producing seeds, it also stimulates additional vegetative growth. This leads to more plants and more stems per plant in the same season. Mowing is especially problematic in pastures, where it can spread the toxic leaves making it harder for grazing animals to avoid.
Grazing of Tansy ragwort is generally discouraged. For most grazing animals, the plant is highly toxic. Sheep are known to tolerate the alkaloids, but Tansy ragwort is not considered desirable forage. The impacts of grazing on Tansy ragwort is similar to mowing, and may help to suppress the plant, but is not an effective control method.
Herbicide application is an effective means to control tansy ragwort infestations. Tansy ragwort is susceptible to several systemic herbicides. Be cautious when using herbicides on pasture land with grazing animals.
Product Names: Several names
Rate:
1 to 2 lb acid equivalent per acre
Time: Apply in late fall though spring (November through April) after seedlings have emerged and before rosettes have bolted.
Comments: Re-treatment may be required to achieve effective control. 2,4-D is a broad leaf selective herbicide and not will harm grasses. Use care when working around desirable plants to avoid damage. Leaves should be sprayed until wet but not dripping to achieve good control.
Product Names: Banvel, Clarity
Rate:
1 lb acid equivalent per acre
Time: Apply in late fall though spring (November through April) after seedlings have emerged and before rosettes have bolted.
Comments: Re-treatment may be required to achieve effective control. Dicamba is a broad leaf selective herbicide and not will harm grasses. Use care when working around desirable plants to avoid damage. Leaves should be sprayed until wet but not dripping to achieve good control.
Product Names: Weedmaster, Pasturemaster
Rate:
2 qt per acre
Time: Apply in late fall though spring (November through April) after seedlings have emerged and before rosettes have bolted.
Comments: Re-treatment may be required to achieve effective control. 2,4-D& dicamba are broad leaf selective herbicides and not will harm grasses. Use care when working around desirable plants to avoid damage. Leaves should be sprayed until wet but not dripping to achieve good control.
Product Names: Crossbow
Rate:
1.5 to 2 quarts per acre
Time: Apply in late fall though spring (November through April) after seedlings have emerged and before rosettes have bolted.
Comments: Re-treatment may be required to achieve effective control. Triclopyr & 2,4-D are broad leaf selective herbicides and not will harm grasses. Use care when working around desirable plants to avoid damage. Leaves should be sprayed until wet but not dripping to achieve good control.
Product Names: Escort
Rate: 0.75 to 1 oz per acre (0.45 to 0.6 oz acid equivalent per acre)
Time: Apply in late fall though spring (November through April) after seedlings have emerged and before rosettes have bolted.
Comments: Metsulfuron is primarily active against broad leaf plants and generally will not harm grasses. Use a surfactant to increase effectiveness.
Product Names: Milestone
Rate: 4 to 5 fl oz per acre (1 to 1.25 oz acid equivalent per acre)
Time: Apply in late fall though spring (November through April) after seedlings have emerged and before rosettes have bolted.
Comments: Aminopyralid is broad leaf selective herbicide. Use a surfactant to increase effectiveness. Do not compost manure or vegetation from treated sites.
Tansy ragwort is a great example of biological control success. Three different insects are currently used to target Tansy ragwort and have shown to greatly reduce populations in Oregon. While effective, biological control methods will never result is complete eradication of a weed. Control of Tansy ragwort using biological controls, can also take several years. As such, the use of biological controls should be combined with manual or chemical control methods when working in hay or pasture lands to prevent livestock poisoning. Populations of all biological controls will vary from year to year, so occasional resurgence of Tansy ragwort should be expected, particularly in years with very wet springs.
Ragwort flea beetle (Longitarsus jacobaeae): The adult form of this insect feeds on the leaves of the tansy ragwort plants. The larvae feed on the roots and the crown of the plants. Adults are small and light brown. Ragwort flea beetle is the most effective of the biological controls. Originally introduced in 1971, this species is widespread throughout Clackamas County and redistribution is not necessary. In years with very wet springs, the impacts of the flea beetle decreases, and alternative control methods may be desired to suppress Tansy ragwort populations.
Ragwort seed fly (Botanophila seneciella syn. Pegohylemia seneciella): The larvae of this insect feeds on the seed heads of the tansy ragwort. The white larvae can be found within the seeds from late spring through summer. Adults are small black flies. Originally released in 1966, this is the rarest and least effective of the biological controls.
Cinnabar moth (Tyria jacobaeae): The larvae of this insect feeds on the leaves, buds and flowers of the tansy ragwort. The caterpillars are brightly colored with yellow and black stripes. The adult moth is mostly black with bright red markings on its wings. Originally introduced in 1960, this species is widespread, and redistribution is generally not needed. Populations levels fluctuate from year to year and generally lag behind Tansy ragwort abundance.
Pulled or dug up plants should be removed from pastures and hay fields. Plants should be bagged and disposed of as garbage. For large infestations, plant may be removed from the field, and piled and covered, in an area inaccessible to livestock. Care need to be taken to prevent dispersal of seed, as seeds can develop even after pulling.
Tansy ragwort control is manageable. Follow up treatments are necessary and continued monitoring of sites is needed. Seeds may persist in the soil for years following treatment. If animals have been in a field where tansy is present, isolate animals for a few days to prevent the spread of seeds.
Tansy Ragwort Management Timeline
English Ivy
Atlantic ivy or Irish ivy
Hedera helix (syns. Hedera helix ssp. helix, Hedera canariensis, Hedera helix ssp. canariensis)
Hedera hibernica (syns. Hedera helix ssp. hibernica)
English ivy is an evergreen climbing vine in the Araliaceae (Ginseng) family. It has historically been a common garden ornamental and has more than 400 cultivars. It has escaped cultivation to become highly invasive in forests and natural areas throughout the Pacific Northwest. Native to Europe, these plants are characterized by long viny stems reaching up to 30 m in length, with aerial, clinging small roots. English ivy damages desirable vegetation by shading out and smothering plants. English ivy also covers trees making them more susceptible to wind fall due to the additional weight of the ivy in the trees as well as the additional drag of the evergreen leafy vines. English ivy has two distinct growth forms: a juvenile form, that is characterized by rapid clonal and vegetative growth, and a mature form characterized by flowering and berry production.
In Oregon, three Hedera species have been documented: English ivy (H. helix), Atlantic ivy (H. hibernica), and Persian ivy (H. colchica). However, only H. helix and H. hibernica are listed as noxious weeds in Oregon. The invasive plant commonly referred to as English ivy is actually comprised of both H. helix and H. hibernica. Identification and differentiation between the species is complicated because there many cultivated varieties. Both H. helix and H. hibernica have been commonly sold as English ivy, but can be differentiated by leaf shape and tiny hairs on the young leaves. These two species can also be differentiated through genetic testing.
The leaves come in two forms: juvenile and mature. Both leaves are evergreen, leathery, and palmately shaped. Juvenile leaves have 3-5 lobes and are slightly hairy. Generally, the lobes on H. helix are deeper than H. hibernica, but the lobes can vary. The leaves of mature ivy are ovate to diamond shaped, unlobed or slightly lobed, darker green and more leathery. On both growth forms, the leaves alternate along the vines and are up to 10 cm long. Leaves can be toxic to humans and cattle if ingested. Leaves can also cause contact dermatitis in sensitive individuals.
English ivy generally will only flower under conditions with adequate light and optimal nutrients. Flowers are only produced high in the tree canopy within infested forests, or along steep slopes. English ivy flowers in the fall and are pollinated by insects. Adult plants flower in clusters. The flowers are five petaled, greenish to white in coloration and are only 3-5 mm long.
Fruits develop as fleshy, dark blue to black berries that ripen in spring. Thousands of fruits can be produced by an adult plant each year. English ivy berries, particularly when underdeveloped, can be toxic to humans and cattle if ingested. These fruits are 5-10 mm in size and hold 1-3 seeds. Approximately 70% of the seeds produced are viable.
The juvenile English ivy plants have adventitious roots at their nodes. Roots are generally shallowly rooted, but robust. English ivy also forms aerial, clinging rootlets, allowing it to adhere and climb vertically. Adult English ivy plants form a woody base.
English ivy reproduces both from mature seeds as well as from root-like stems and sprouting fragments. The berries of English ivy are ingested by birds and the seeds can be dispersed great distances from parent plants. New plants can regenerate from stems and fragments from both the mature and juvenile growth forms. Regenerating plants maintain the growth form of their parents, such that plants formed from stem regeneration of adult form plants will keep adult characteristics. Once established juvenile plants can live up to 10 years before reaching maturation. English ivy plants can live up to 100 years or longer with one plant in England being documented at more than 400 years in age.
The areas most infested by English ivy are urban natural areas, disturbed forests, woodlands, and along stream corridors. Plants grown in moist soils with summer shade and winter sunlight will flourish. Urban forest and natural areas are especially impacted as a result of repeated reinfestation from garden escapees.
The original introduction of English ivy to the United States is believed to have been by European immigrants during colonial times as a garden ornamental. The earliest record of English ivy in North America dates to 1727. Introduction to the Portland area occurred between 1875 and 1899 (Christy et al., 2009).
The management of invasive weeds is best served through a process know as Integrated Pest Management (IPM). IPM is a weed management methodology that utilizes:
An IPM based strategy ensures the maximum effectiveness of treatment measures. IPM strategies typically use more than one management method to target one or more susceptible life stages. It should be adaptive to site conditions in the field and to the response of a plant to management. The utilization of multiple management tools inherently reduces the use of herbicides in a management plan. The IPM process ultimately provides a framework for the establishment of Best Management Practices (BMP) which outlines the best approach for controlling a weed particular infestation.
English ivy is often best controlled using manual control methods. The waxy leaves of English ivy and its ability to regenerate from stems and fragments, make it resistant to chemical and mechanical control methods. While effective the removal of English ivy can be time consuming and labor intensive. As such, persistence is possibly the most important factor in determining the success of your treatments. It has been suggested that an acre of English ivy dominated forest requires more than 300 man hours for an initial clearing and continued maintenance to restore a site. So restoration efforts should plant their work accoridingly
The first step is to choose an area, that can receive repeated control efforts. Prioritize your site. Choose a portion of your management area that is of highest priority, or work from a relatively intact area, and slowly expand your treatments systematically outward. Look at the concentration and location of the ivy, the landscape, soil moisture, abundance of native plants in the area as well as the number and skill of workers assisting. Before handling English ivy be sure to wear long sleeves, long pants, and gloves to protect yourself from potential dermatitis. Utilize tools such as shovels, rakes, mattocks, and weed wrenches to assist in removal of the roots. Saws, loppers, and hand clippers can be used to cut vines.
In locations where native plants are abundant, the preferred practice is hand removal. Vines growing on trees should be targeted first to prevent flowering and seed set, and to preserve canopy trees on site. Vines on trees should be cut using a saw, loppers or hand clippers around the entire base of the tree and also at a comfortable arm reach then removed from the tree. Leave the remaining ivy above the cut line to dry out and fall down on its own. All ivy should be removed within, a minimum of 3 feet around the trunk to better protect the tree. Flowering or seeding plants should be removed to prevent seeding or regeneration. For ground ivy control should focus on one location, pulling every vine and root up within reaching distance, before moving to a new location. Working systematically from a core area. Manual control of English ivy is best done in the fall and winter, when the ground is soft and plants are not seeding.
When few native plants reside on the property and there is sufficient workers, English ivy can be removed in large mats using a technique called the ‘Log Roll’. This technique relies upon first defining a treatment area. The perimeter of the area is cut and a line of workers pull the edge of the mat, rolling vines and roots of the ivy on top of itself. It is important to shake the roots to remove soil. The roll should then be mulched in place to prevent resprouting. Workers should also follow up in the cleared site to remove any missed roots. This practice can be done on both flat ground and on hillsides. Soils with a higher water content allows for an easier pull.
Additional tips to reduce erosion and minimize damage to native plants:
English ivy can be mowed or cut but this is generally not recommended due to it’s ability to regenerate following cutting.
Grazing has been used to defoliate large infestations of English ivy. Goats and sheep will graze the ivy leaves, but plants will readily resprout following grazing. As such, grazing animals must be rotated repeatedly back onsite to suppress regrowth. English ivy is generally not favored by grazing animals, so co-occurring native are usually grazed more strongly than the ivy itself. As such, grazing is generally considered to be ineffective, or of limited use. Mature ivy plants are also generally found growing above the browse line, so manual removal of tree ivy is required in conjunction with any grazing strategy.
English ivy is fire resistant and doesn’t carry a fire well. Repeated torching of ivy plants will cause cellular damage and dieback. With persistence this method will exhaust nutrients as the English ivy resprouts, but it is generally inefficient compared to other methods. As such this method is generally not recommended.
An effective chemical control of English ivy is dependent on a few variables including timing, sensible application, and the proper mixture of chemicals. The timing is important to limit damage to native plants. Herbicide application during dry and sunny periods in late winter can be an effective chemical control on English ivy. The ivy is still alive and may still be growing in the winter while most native plants are dormant and protected. Herbicide has shown to be successful when applied directly to cut stems specifically around a tree trunk.
Foliar application of herbicides is deterred by the waxy coating on the leaves. This is especially true for older/mature leaves and application during the growing season. This leads to runoff of herbicide onto nearby native plants. A fatty acid can be applied before or with the herbicide application to increase absorption into the leaves.
Widespread chemical control of English ivy is not suggested and should only to be considered in areas completely dominated by ivy or on difficult sites were manual control methods may be impractical or dangerous.
Product Names: Accord, Aquamaster, Rodeo, Roundup, and various others
Rate:
Spot treat: use 2% to 5% v/v solution in water, with a non-ionic surfactant
Low volume/thin line: 10% v/v solutions in water.
Cut stump: 25% v/v solutions in water.
Time: Apply when actively growing in late summer early fall. Application can also be made on sunny winter days to avoid harming co-occurring natives. Cut stump applications should be made directly after cutting and during dormant season for best results.
Comments: Wait four months after foliar treatment before cutting again. For cut stump application, cut stems horizontally or at ground level. Apply solution directly after cut. Treatment controls most reprouts. Glyphosate is not selective and will harm grasses. Use care when working around desirable plants to avoid damage. Leaves should be sprayed until wet but not dripping to achieve good control.
Product Names: Garlon 3A, Garlon 4 Ultra (triclopyr ester), Pathfinder II
Rate:
Spot treat: 2 to 5% v/v solution in water with a non-ionic surfactant.
Low volume/thin line: 10% v/v solution plus 20% basal oil concentrate in water.
Cut stump: 20% v/v solution in water.
Time: Apply post emergence in late summer to early fall, (August – October) when plants are growing rapidly. Cut stump applications should be made directly after cut and during dormant season for best results.
Comments: For cut stem treatment, follow application description in Glyphosate. Triclopyr is selective and will harm desirable broad leaf plants, trees, and shrubs. Use care when working around desirable plants to avoid damage. Leaves should be sprayed until wet but not dripping to achieve good control. Triclopyr ester formulations may volatilize under warm temperatures.
Product Names: Tordon 22K
Rate:
Broadcast: 3-4 pints/acre (0.75 to 1 lb a.e/acre) plus .25 to .5% v/v surfactant
Time: Apply post emergence in late summer to early fall, (August – October) when plants are growing rapidly at or beyond early to full bloom stage.
Comments: Picloram can have long term soil activity and has shown to move with groundwater. It should not be used around trees because of root uptake. Use care when working around desirable plants to avoid damage. Leaves should be sprayed until wet but not dripping to achieve good control. Restricted herbicide.
Product Names: Arsenal, Habitat, Stalker, Chopper, Polaris
Rate:
Spot treat: 1 to 2% v/v solution plus .25 to .5% surfactant v/v in water.
Low volume/thin line: 10% v/v solution plus 20% ethylated crop oil in water.
Cut stump: 20% v/v solution in water plus 20% ethylated crop oil in water.
Time: Apply post emergence in late summer to early fall when plant is growing rapidly.
Comments: Imazapyr exhibits some residual effects in the soil and may result in bare ground around plants after treatment. Care should be taken when replanting. Cut stump applications should be made directly after cutting and during dormant season for best results.
Product Names: Tank Mixed
Rate:
Spot treat: 4% v/v Glyphosate solution + 2% v/v Triclopyr solution, with 1-2% non-ionic surfactant v/v in water.
Time: Apply in late summer with a late fall follow up.
Comments: Treat when temperatures are above 65 F when no rain is expected for 2-3 days.
There are no effective biological control agents available for English ivy.
There are many ways to dispose of English ivy when clearing your property. For small infestations, bagging up pulled plants is the best practice if possible. For larger infestations, pile up the debris and let it dry out. Placing a tarp under the pile will help prevent resprouting. Piles can also be covered to speed up drying and decompositions. Large debris piles can create dead spots, so placement of piles should be placed to minimize the impact to desirable vegetation. Under dry conditions, plants can be chopped into a mulch and spread over the area for ground cover and nutrients, but be careful with this method as covering the ground will reduce visibility of missed/live roots.
Diligence is the most important aspect for controlling English Ivy. Ivy plants will readily resprout from any roots left remaining, so repeated follow-up is required. An herbicide application in summer has shown to be the most effective after a treatment. Re-treatment may be required to achieve effective control. The seed may persist in the soil for years following treatment, or arrive on site from adjacent and nearby infestations.
Scotch broom, Scot’s broom, English broom
Cytisus scoparius (syns. Sarothamnus scoparius, Spartium scoparium)
Scotch broom is a fast growing shrub in the Fabaceae (pea) family, characterized by its masses of yellow flowers. It grows upright on young green, 5-angled stems which are hairy. Broom forms dense stands and are shade intolerant. Mature plants can reach 10 feet in height although most plants are typically 3-5 feet tall. Scotch broom is deciduous nitrogen fixing plant. Scotch broom is an invasive plant found in low elevations from British Columbia to California.
The leaves of Scotch broom are alternate and compound consisting of three oblong leaflets. Very few leaves on stems. New twigs may only have one leaflet. Leaflets are small 5-20 mm long. The leaflets are dark green and fleshy and serrated along their margin. The underside of the leaflets are covered by flattened, short hairs while the upper surface is smooth.
The flowers are pea-like; upper and lower curved petal have wing petals on each side. Scotch broom flowers are yellow to partially to complete red in color. Small, only 1-2.5 cm. The stamens are fused. Plants flower from April to June.
Fruits develop as seed pods that mature in June-July. Seed pods are flat, 2-5 cm long, smooth with long silky hairs which turn dark brown to black when mature. Seeds are small 2mm, long and shinny, brown to black in color with a whitish appendage (fatty deposit) which attracts ants and some birds. 3-12 seeds found within each pod.
The Scotch broom plants form deep, branched taproots with fine roots associated with nitrogen fixation. New shoots can grow from the crown when plants are cut above the crown.
Scotch broom reproduces by seed. Seeds are dispersed when pods dry, split in half and twist. This action can send seeds up to 3 meters but is often just a short distance from the plant. A variety of ants are attracted to the white seed appendages and disperse the seeds further. Seeds have a hard coating which allows them to survive up to 30 years in the field. Scotch broom produce seed at 2 or 3 years but are in full reproduction at 3-5 years lasting until year 9. Up to 3500 pods can be produced from one adult shrub. Scotch broom lives for 15-20 years.
The areas most infested by Scotch broom are disturbed sites, grasslands, open forests, and riparian corridors. The plant likes coastal areas and low elevations in dry conditions with plenty of sunshine. Scotch broom flourishes in infertile soil because it is a nitrogen fixing plant which allows it to grow where many plants fail to flourish. Scotch broom likes sandy, acidic and dry soil.
The original introduction of Scotch broom to Oregon is believed to have occurred between 1875 and 1899 (Christy et al., 2009). The plant is native to Europe and North Africa and was commonly introduced by European settlers to remind them of their home but quickly escaped cultivation. It was also used to stabilize soil especially along roadways before the realization of its invasive characteristics. Due to its showy flowers, Scotch broom was commonly produced in the horticultural trade where many varieties have been developed.
Scotch broom can be found throughout Clackamas County. It is very widespread and directly impacts properties throughout the county. As an ubiquitous weed this is not a species that is actively surveyed and the mapped distributions do not represent the full extent of the Scotch broom population in Clackamas County.
The management of invasive weeds is best served through a process know as Integrated Pest Management (IPM). IPM is a weed management methodology that utilizes:
An IPM based strategy ensures the maximum effectiveness of treatment measures. IPM strategies typically use more than one management method to target one or more susceptible life stages. It is adaptive to site conditions in the field and to the response of a plant to management. The utilization of multiple management tools also inherently reduces the use of herbicides in a management plan. The IPM process ultimately provides a framework for the establishment of Best Management Practices (BMP) which outlines the best approach for controlling a weed particular infestation.
The control of Scotch broom can be a difficult task. The long lived seeds, long growing season, aggressive roots, thick stands and the ability to resprout from young stumps or root crowns make Scotch broom difficult to control .
Manual removal of Scotch broom can be an effective control option especially for smaller infestations, but its is labor intensive. Seedling and small shrubs can be hand pulled between January and May. Pulling when the soil is moist will make is easier to remove the roots and put less strain on the worker. All plants and roots need to be removed to reduce regrowth. Continual manual removal, every year pulling the next generation, is one of the most effective controls for Scotch broom. A weed wrench, shovel or hoe can be used to assist with root removal.
While manual removal can be an effective treatment, it can cause heavy soil disturbances on site. Soil disturbance can bring broom seeds deep in the soil to the surface creating a new generation of growth.
For old established stands, cut Scotch broom between ground level and three inches using loppers or a saw during the dry season (July to August). Try to cut before seed pods mature to limit spread.
Cutting alone during the right time can be a useful management tool to prevent seeding. Young Scotch broom plants will resprout following cutting from above the root crowns. Older plants generally will not resprout following a cutting. Large stands of resprouting plants following cutting are best controlled with a targeted herbicide application.
Large infestations of Scotch broom can be removed through mowing. Like cutting, brush mowing alone won’t kill the broom. Mowing should be done between flowering and seed maturity and must be repeated at regular intervals to exhaust plant. Mowing is not a very effective control by itself, however when used in conjunction with herbicide application it can be very effective.
Mowing equipment can transport seeds if not cleaned before leaving site and if plants are cut during seed production.
Burning can be an effective tool to remove debris, but it will not eliminate Scotch broom. Other management such as crown removal or herbicide application is required to achieve control. The available fuels in dense broom stands can also be substantial, so care needs to be taken to keep fire contained. As such fire is generally not a recommended control measure. You should check with your local Fire District or the Oregon Department of Forestry for rules and recommendations.
Grazing by goats is a potential method for controlling Scotch broom. Unfortunately, broom plants can be toxic to both humans and livestock which limits other grazing activity. Goats confined to a small area will eat the resprouting Scotch broom after treatment.
Chemical control is an effective tool to control large stands of Scotch broom. Continued treatment and monitoring will be required due to the copious number of seedlings emerging from the seedbank. Scotch broom is susceptible to several systemic herbicides. Plants should not be mowed or cut after application for a minimum of two weeks to allow herbicide to reach the roots. Scotch broom flowers can hinder herbicide application by not allowing the chemical to reach other areas of the plant. Large treated/dead stands of brooms are a fire hazard and need to be monitored and removed if necessary.
Product Names: Accord, Aquamaster, Rodeo, Roundup, XRT II, and various others
Rate:
Spot treat: use 1.5% to 2% v/v solutions.
Cut stump: 25% v/v (up to 50% can reduce resprouting)
Time: Foliar application in late summer or early fall. Cut stump application again in late summer to early fall, immediately after cutting.
Comments: Re-treatment may be required to achieve effective control. Glyphosate is not selective and will harm grasses. Use care when working around desirable plants to avoid damage. Leaves should be sprayed until wet but not dripping to achieve good control. Cut stems horizontally at or near ground level and immediately apply herbicide.
Product Names: Garlon 4 (triclopyr ester), Garlon 3A, Element 3A (triclopyr amine), Pathfinder II
Rate:
Broadcast: Triclopyr ester- 2 – 3 qts/acre (1 – 1.5 at ae/acre), Triclopyr amine- 3 – 4 qts/acre (1.125 – 1.5 qt ae/acre)
Spot treat: Triclopyr ester use 0.75% to 1% v/v solution, Triclopyr amine use 1% – 1.5% v/v solution plus 0.25% – 0.5% v/v surfactant
Basal Bark: Triclopyr ester- use 20% v/v solution ethylated crop oil and water
Cut stump: Triclopyr amine-50% in water
Time: Apply post emergence when plants are growing rapidly in the spring and again in the fall. Applications should be made before a killing frost.
Comments: Re-treatment may be required to achieve effective control. Triclopyr is selective and will not harm grasses but will harm desirable broad leaf plants, trees, and shrubs. Use care when working around desirable plants to avoid damage. Leaves should be sprayed until wet but not dripping to achieve good control. Triclopyr ester formulations may volatilize under warm temperatures.
Product Names: Crossbow (Triclopyr + 2, 4D)
Rate:
Spot treat: 0.5% to 1.5% v/v solution
Time: Apply post emergence when plants are growing rapidly in the spring and again in the fall. Applications should be made before a killing frost.
Comments: Re-treatment may be required to achieve effective control. Triclopyr + 2, 4D is a selective and will harm grasses, but may damage desirable broad leaf plants, trees, and shrubs. Use care when working around desirable plants to avoid damage. Leaves should be sprayed until wet but not dripping to achieve good control. Check label for specific warnings and recommendations.
Product Names: Arsenal, Habitat, Stalker, Chopper, Polaris
Rate:
Spot treat: 1 to 2% v/v solution plus 0.25 to 0.5% surfactant v/v
Cut stump: 20% v/v solution in water plus 20% ethylated crop oil
Basal bark: 20% v/v solution in water plus 20% ethylated crop oil
Time: Apply post emergence in late summer to early fall when plant is growing rapidly. Best when used in late summer to early fall.
Comments: Imazapyr is a soil residual herbicide and may result in bare ground around plants after treatment.
Product Names: Tordon 22K
Rate:
Broadcast: 2 pints/acre (non-cropland) or 1 qt/acre (range land) plus 0.25 to 0.5% v/v surfactant
Time: Apply post emergence in spring and again in fall when plants are growing rapidly at or beyond early to full bloom stage.
Comments: Picloram can cause long term soil activity and should not be used around trees because of root uptake. Use care when working around desirable plants to avoid damage. Leaves should be sprayed until wet but not dripping to achieve good control. Restricted herbicide: not registered in California.
There are several insects which feed on the seeds and leaves of Scotch broom. Scotch broom bruchid (Bruchidius villosus), Scotch broom seed weevils (Exapion fuscirostre or Aprion fuscirostre), twig mining moth (Leucoptera sartifolilella), Eriophyid gall mite (Aceria genistae) and the shoot tip leaf moth (Agonopterix nervosa) are known to damage the Scotch broom plants. These bugs will not eradicate an infestation, they have poor to fair effectiveness controlling a stand and any results might not be seen for up to 7 years.
Scotch broom plants that have not gone to seed are able to be disposed of in regular household trash cans or in yard debris containers. Cut plants can be left on site but can be a fire hazard. Scotch broom plants that have gone to seed should be left on site to minimize the spread of the seeds, or piled on tarps and bagged before being moved off site. Plant debris can also be burned on site with appropriate safety measures and permits. You should check with your local Fire District or the Oregon Department of Forestry for rules and recommendations.
Diligence is the most important aspect for controlling Scotch broom. New broom plants will germinate from the seed bank living in the soil even after years following treatments and soil disturbances, so repeated follow-up is required.
Himalayan Blackberry can be found throughout Clackamas County. It is very widespread and directly impacts properties throughout the county. As an ubiquitous weed this is not a species that is actively surveyed and the mapped distributions do not represent the full extent of the Himalayan blackberry population in Clackamas County.
